Abstract The present work aimed to estimate the adaptability and stability of new papaya hybrids. The experiments were carried out at the company Caliman Agrícola S/A, in the municipalities of Linhares-ES and Pureza-RN, with seven hybrids from inbred parents of the groups ‘Solo’ and ‘Formosa’ and three controls (‘Golden’, ‘Calimosa’, and ‘Tainung 01’). The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with four replications and ten plants per plot. The variables mean fruit weight (MFW), number of commercial fruits (NCF), and production (PROD) were measured at 270, 360, 450, and 540 days after planting. Afterward, the adaptability and stability of the hybrids were estimated using the Lin and Binns, Eberhart and Russell, and Mixed Models. MFW was less affected by the evaluation periods and showed high behavior predictability. The hybrids UC10, UC12, UC14, UC15, and UC16 were the most adapted and predictable and can be recommended for the regions where the experiment took place.

ABSTRACT Manual phenotyping for papaya Carica papaya (L) breeding purposes limits the evaluation of a great number of plants and hampers selection of superior genotypes. This study aimed to validate two methodologies for the phenotyping of morpho-agronomic plant traits using image analysis and fruit traits through image processing. In plants of the ‘THB’ variety and ‘UENF/Caliman-01’ hybrid two images (A and B) were analyzed to estimate commercial and irregularly shaped fruits. Image A was also used in the estimation of plant height, stem diameter and the first fruit insertion height. In ‘THB’ fruits, largest and smallest diameters, length, and volume were estimated by using a caliper and image processing (IP). Volume was obtained by water column displacement (WCD) and by the expression of ellipsoid approximation (EA). Correlations above 0.85 between manual and image measurements were obtained for all traits. The averages of the morpho-agronomic traits, estimated by using images, were similar when compared to the averages measured manually. In addition, the errors of the proposed methodologies were low compared to manual phenotyping. Bland-Altman's approach indicated agreement between the volume estimated by WCD and EA using caliper and IP. The strong association obtained between volume and fruit weight suggests the use of regression to estimate this trait. Thus, the expectation is that image-based phenotyping can be used to expand the experiments, thereby maintaining accuracy and providing greater genetic gains in the selection of superior genotypes.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste trabalho foram gerar estimativas de capacidade combinatória de 22 linhagens de mamoeiro com testadores do grupo 'Solo' e 'Formosa' em esquema de top cross e identificar híbridos agronomicamente superiores. As linhagens foram selecionadas em gerações de retrocruzamentos para conversão sexual, tendo como genitor recorrente, o genótipo dióico 'Cariflora' e como doador a linhagem elite ginóico-andromonóica, 'SS 783'. As linhagens per se, os híbridos top crosses (híbridos T1 e híbridos T2) e duas testemunhas comercias foram avaliados em um delineamento em látice 8x8 quanto ao número de nós sem fruto (NNSF-un), número de frutos deformados (NFD-un), número de frutos comerciais (NFC-un), peso médio de fruto (PMF-g), comprimento do fruto (CF-mm), diâmetro do fruto (DF-mm), espessura média da polpa (EP-cm), firmeza do fruto (FF-N), firmeza da polpa (FP-N), teor de sólidos solúveis (TSS-°brix) e Produtividade (PROD-t ha-1). Obtiveram-se as estimativas de capacidade especifica de combinação pela diferença entre a média de cada híbrido obtido de um testador, com a média geral dos cruzamentos com o mesmo testador. A análise de variância realizada com as médias ajustadas revelou variabilidade genética entre grupos de tratamentos para todas as características avaliadas, bem como dentro de cada grupo de tratamento. Considerando os híbridos T1, as combinações que melhor conciliaram as estimativas de CEC para as características produtivas e de qualidade de frutos foram: L3xT1, L8xT1, L10xT1, L11xT1, L16xT1, L17xT1 e L20xT1. Para os híbridos T2 foram: L12xT2, L13xT2, L17xT2, L21xT2 e L22xT2.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study were to generate estimates of combining ability in 22 lines of papaya using testers from the 'Solo' and 'Taiwan' group in a top-cross scheme, and identify those hybrids which are superior agronomically. The strains were selected from generations backcrossed for sexual conversion, with the dioecious genotype Cariflora as recurrent parent, and the elite ginoic -andromonoic line, SS 783, as donor. The lines themselves, the top cross hybrids (T1 hybrids and T2 hybrids), and two commercial controls were evaluated in an 8 x 8 lattice design for number of nodes with no fruit (NNSF-un), number of deformed fruit (NFD-un), number of commercial fruit (NFC-un), average fruit weight (PMF-g), fruit length (CF-mm), fruit diameter (DF-mm), average pulp thickness (EP-cm), fruit firmness (FF-N), pulp firmness (PF-N), level of soluble solids (TSS-°brix) and productivity (PROD-t ha-1). Estimates of specific combining capacity were obtained from the difference between the average for each hybrid obtained from the tester and the overall average of crossings with the same tester. The analysis of variance carried out with the adjusted average values revealed genetic variability between treatment groups for all the evaluated characteristics, as well as within each treatment group. Considering the T1 hybrid, the combinations that best reconciled the CEC estimates for the characteristics of production and fruit quality were L3xT1, L8xT1, L10xT1, L11xT1, L16xT1, L17xT1 and L20xT1; for the T2 hybrids the combinations were L12xT2, L13xT2, L17xT2, L21xT2 e L22xT2..

Dentre os vírus que infectam o feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) destacam-se, respectivamente, pela severidade e ampla ocorrência o Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) e o Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). Portanto, objetivaram-se, no presente trabalho, obter e avaliar plantas de feijão-caupi com resistência ao CPSMV e ao CABMV, visando ao desenvolvimento de cultivares essencialmente derivadas e novas cultivares. Realizaram-se oito cruzamentos seguidos de retrocruzamentos, utilizando a linhagem TE 97-309G-9 e a cultivar Patativa como genitores resistentes, e as cultivares BR3-Tracuateua, BRS-Urubuquara, BRS-Novaera, BRS-Guariba e Pretinho como genitores suscetíveis. As gerações F2 e F2RC1 foram desafiadas quanto à resistência por meio de inoculação mecânica com isolados do CPSMV e do CABMV. Nas gerações F2RC1, além da resistência foram avaliados os caracteres: número de dias para o início da floração, comprimento das vagens, número de grãos. vagem-1, peso de cem grãos e produção de grãos.planta-1. Todos os indivíduos F2 e F2RC1 foram analisados pelo teste χ² e se ajustaram à frequência esperada de 15 plantas suscetíveis 1 planta resistente a ambos os vírus. As médias das plantas F2RC1 resistentes, de cada retrocruzamento, foram comparadas com a média do seu respectivo genitor recorrente pelo teste 't' e as médias dos retrocruzamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Foi detectada variabilidade genética entre os retrocruzamentos para todos os caracteres. Todos os retrocruzamentos foram considerados promissores para produção de cultivares essencialmente derivadas resistentes ao CPSMV e ao CABMV e as plantas selecionadas possuem características que possibilitam a seleção de linhagens com grãos de bom padrão comercial e altamente produtivas.

Among the viruses that infect cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) are highlighted for their severity and widespread occurrence, respectively. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain and evaluate cowpea plants showing resistance to CPSMV and CABMV in order to develop new and essentially derived cultivars. Eight crosses were performed, followed by backcrosses, using the line TE 97-309G-9 and the cultivar Patativa as resistant parental donors, and the cultivars BR3-Tracuateua, BRS-Urubuquara, BRS-Novaera, BRS-Guariba and Pretinho as susceptible parents. Generations F2 and F2RC1 were challenged for resistance by mechanically inoculating CPSMV and CABMV isolates. In F2RC1 generations, besides resistance, other traits were evaluated: number of days to the beginning of flowering, pod length, number of seeds.pod-1, weight of 100 seeds, and yield of seeds.plant-1. All F2 and F2RC1 individuals were analyzed by the χ² test and fit to the expected frequency of 15 susceptible plants: 1 plant resistant to both viruses. The means of resistant F2RC1 plants, from each backcross, were compared with the mean of their respective recurrent parent by the t-test and means of backcrosses were compared by the Scott-Knott test. Genetic variability among backcrosses was detected for all traits. All backcrosses were considered promising for obtaining essentially derived cultivars resistant to CPSMV and CABMV, and the selected plants have characteristics that allow the selection of lines with highly productive grains of good commercial quality.

O rendimento do feijão-caupi pode ser afetado por diversos fatores, em especial as viroses. As principais espécies de vírus que infectam o feijão-caupi, no Brasil, são: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) e o Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). Este trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas e teve como objetivo avaliar a reação de genótipos de feijão-caupi quanto à resistência à infecção simples pelo CMV e mista nas combinações CMV+CABMV, CMV+CPSMV-I e CMV+CABMV+CPSMV-I. Inicialmente, foram incluídos 57 genótipos, sendo três avaliações em gaiolas com tela antiafídeos sob infecção controlada, e uma em condição de campo sob infecção natural. Em seguida, foram selecionados 18 genótipos para serem desenvolvidos em nove ensaios, oito em gaiolas com tela antiafídeos sob infecção controlada, e um em campo sob infecção natural. Nesses ensaios, avaliaram-se os efeitos qualitativos e quantitativos resultantes das infecções. No ensaio de campo, foram avaliados o número de plantas assintomáticas, comprimento de vagem, número de grãos por vagem, massa de cem grãos e produtividade. As coinfecções reduziram a altura da planta e a massa seca. Além disso, nas infecções envolvendo os três vírus ocorreu a morte prematura de alguns genótipos. Os genótipos BR17-Gurguéia, Epace V-96, TE97-309G-9, TE97-309G-22, TE97-309G-24 e Patativa, além de bom comportamento diante das coinfecções virais, têm sementes com padrão comercial, podendo ser empregadas diretamente em programas de melhoramento.

Many factors can affect the yield of cowpea, especially viruses. The main species of viruses infecting cowpea in Brazil are Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and Cowpea golden mosaic virus (CPGMV). This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of cowpea genotypes for resistance to CMV in single or in co-infections (CMV+CABMV, CMV+CPSMV-I and CMV+CABMV+CPSMV-I), which was accomplished in two steps. Firstly, 57 genotypes were evaluated in four evaluations: three in aphid proof cages with infection under controlled conditions, and one in field-grown plants under natural infection. To perform the second step, we selected 18 genotypes to be conducted in nine trials, with eight under aphid proof cages control infection, and one under natural infection. The qualitative and quantitative effects resulting from infections were evaluated. In the field trial, we assessed the number of asymptomatic plants, pod length, number of grains per pod, 100-grain mass and yield. Mixed infections reduced the plant height and dry weight, and premature death of some genotypes was observed in infections involving the three viruses. The genotypes BR17-Gurguéia, Epace V-96, TE97-309G-9, TE97-309G-22, TE97-309G-24 and Patativa showed the best behavior in relation to the mixed viral infections, presenting seeds with appropriate commercial standard and with potential for using in breeding programs.